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Criminal Legal News: July, 2026

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Volume 9, Number 7

In this issue:

  1. Minnesota Supreme Court Announces Heightened Voluntariness Inquiry Required for Contingent Guilty Pleas and Holds Plea Withdrawal Is the Proper Remedy When District Court Fails to Probe Coercion Risk (p 22)
  2. Second Circuit Clarifies Limits on Sentencing Court’s Use of Unrelated Co-Defendant Conduct as § 3553(a) “Context” (p 24)
  3. Florida Supreme Court Announces “Results” of Postconviction DNA Testing Under § 925.11 Include Underlying Testing Data Necessary for Expert Analysis, Holding That No Additional Burden Applies Once a Motion for Testing Has Been Granted (p 26)
  4. U.S. Sentencing Commission: 2026 Amendments to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines (p 28)
  5. Pennsylvania Supreme Court Announces Calling Known Recalcitrant Witness Before Jury Constitutes Reversible Error and Prosecutorial Misconduct Regardless of Whether Witness Expressly Invokes Fifth Amendment Privilege, Qualifying Contrary Precedent (p 32)
  6. Fifth Circuit Announces Enhanced Supervised Release Provision Under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k) Does Not Apply to Assimilative Crimes Act Offenses, Limiting Statutory Maximum to Five Years Under § 3583(b) (p 33)
  7. California Court of Appeal: Vehicle Impoundment Solely to Prevent Further Unlicensed Driving Does Not Satisfy Fourth Amendment’s Community Caretaking Exception; Statutory Authorization Alone Insufficient to Establish Constitutional Reasonableness (p 35)
  8. Ninth Circuit Announces Remmer Presumption of Prejudice Governs When Racially Biased Juror Participates in Deliberations but Is Excused Before Trial Court Accepts Verdict (p 37)
  9. Sixth Circuit Announces Predetermining a Supervisee’s Revocation Term of Imprisonment at an Earlier Violation Hearing Renders the Resulting Sentence Both Procedurally and Substantively Unreasonable (p 39)
  10. Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Announces Totality-of-the-Circumstances Framework for Evaluating Delayed Traffic Stops Under Article 14, Holding 24-Hour Gap Between Observed Infraction and Vehicle Stop Was Unreasonable (p 40)
  11. California Supreme Court Announces Failure to Challenge Ambiguous Jury Instructions on Imputed Malice in a Prior Direct Appeal Does Not Categorically Bar Resentencing Relief Under Penal Code § 1172.6 (p 42)
  12. South Carolina Supreme Court Announces Penile Plethysmograph Results Are Inadmissible Until Underlying Science Becomes Standardized, Affirming Reversal of Sexually Violent Predator Commitment (p 44)
  13. Fourth Circuit Announces ICE’s Execution of a Removal Warrant Following a Final Removal Order Does Not Constitute a “Pending Proceeding” Under 18 U.S.C. § 1505, Vacating Noncitizen’s Obstruction Conviction in Issue of First Impression (p 46)
  14. SCOTUS Announces Sentencing Disparities Created by Nonretroactive Statutory Amendments Cannot Constitute Extraordinary and Compelling Reasons for Compassionate Release (p 47)
  15. The Constitution for Sale: FBI Confirms Resumption of Data Broker Dragnets (p 49)
  16. NEWS IN BRIEF (p 49)

Minnesota Supreme Court Announces Heightened Voluntariness Inquiry Required for Contingent Guilty Pleas and Holds Plea Withdrawal Is the Proper Remedy When District Court Fails to Probe Coercion Risk

by David M. Reutter

The Supreme Court of Minnesota held that district courts must conduct a heightened inquiry, beyond the standard colloquy prescribed by Minnesota Rule of Criminal Procedure 15.01, into potential coercion before accepting a contingent guilty plea, in which a defendant pleads guilty in exchange for …

Second Circuit Clarifies Limits on Sentencing Court’s Use of Unrelated Co-Defendant Conduct as § 3553(a) “Context”

by David Kim

The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vacated the defendant’s sentence and remanded for full resentencing following his guilty plea to illegal receipt of a trafficked firearm, holding that the U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut committed plain error by …

Florida Supreme Court Announces “Results” of Postconviction DNA Testing Under § 925.11 Include Underlying Testing Data Necessary for Expert Analysis, Holding That No Additional Burden Applies Once a Motion for Testing Has Been Granted

by David M. Reutter

The Supreme Court of Florida reversed a circuit court order that had denied a death-sentenced prisoner access to the underlying data generated during postconviction DNA testing. The Court held that the “results” a defendant is entitled to receive under § 925.11(2)(i), Florida Statutes, and …

U.S. Sentencing Commission: 2026 Amendments to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines

by Richard Resch

On April 16, 2026, the United States Sentencing Commission (“Commission”) voted to promulgate seven amendments to the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines”), all having a proposed effective date of November 1, 2026. These amendments span drug offenses, inflationary adjustments to monetary tables, a major overhaul of …

Pennsylvania Supreme Court Announces Calling Known Recalcitrant Witness Before Jury Constitutes Reversible Error and Prosecutorial Misconduct Regardless of Whether Witness Expressly Invokes Fifth Amendment Privilege, Qualifying Contrary Precedent

by David M. Reutter

In a unanimous opinion the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held that a prosecutor commits misconduct, and reversible error occurs, when the prosecutor summons and questions a witness before a jury despite having clear reason to expect the witness will refuse to answer questions, regardless …

Fifth Circuit Announces Enhanced Supervised Release Provision Under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k) Does Not Apply to Assimilative Crimes Act Offenses, Limiting Statutory Maximum to Five Years Under § 3583(b)

by Douglas Ankney

The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held as an issue of first impression that offenses prosecuted under the Assimilative Crimes Act (“ACA”), 18 U.S.C. § 13, are not subject to the enhanced supervised release terms established by 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k) …

California Court of Appeal: Vehicle Impoundment Solely to Prevent Further Unlicensed Driving Does Not Satisfy Fourth Amendment’s Community Caretaking Exception; Statutory Authorization Alone Insufficient to Establish Constitutional Reasonableness

by Douglas Ankney

The Court of Appeal of California, Sixth District, held that a police officer’s decision to impound a vehicle pursuant to the Vehicle Code solely to prevent the driver from continuing to drive on a suspended license does not satisfy the community caretaking function required under …

Ninth Circuit Announces Remmer Presumption of Prejudice Governs When Racially Biased Juror Participates in Deliberations but Is Excused Before Trial Court Accepts Verdict

by David Kim

The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that when the presence of a racially biased juror is discovered, or a juror is found to have made a racially biased statement, but the juror is excused before the trial court accepts a …

Sixth Circuit Announces Predetermining a Supervisee’s Revocation Term of Imprisonment at an Earlier Violation Hearing Renders the Resulting Sentence Both Procedurally and Substantively Unreasonable

by Douglas Ankney

In a unanimous opinion, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held that when a District Court predetermines a supervisee’s revocation term of imprisonment at an earlier violation hearing, by committing in advance to impose a specified sentence for any future violation, …

Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Announces Totality-of-the-Circumstances Framework for Evaluating Delayed Traffic Stops Under Article 14, Holding 24-Hour Gap Between Observed Infraction and Vehicle Stop Was Unreasonable

by Douglas Ankney

In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts held that a motor vehicle stop conducted 24 hours after an officer witnessed a civil traffic infraction violated art. 14 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights. Addressing a question of first impression, the Court adopted …

California Supreme Court Announces Failure to Challenge Ambiguous Jury Instructions on Imputed Malice in a Prior Direct Appeal Does Not Categorically Bar Resentencing Relief Under Penal Code § 1172.6

by David Kim

In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court of California held that Penal Code § 1172.6, subdivision (a)(3), which requires resentencing petitioners to allege they “could not presently be convicted of murder or attempted murder because of changes to Section 188 or 189 made effective January …

South Carolina Supreme Court Announces Penile Plethysmograph Results Are Inadmissible Until Underlying Science Becomes Standardized, Affirming Reversal of Sexually Violent Predator Commitment

by David Kim

The Supreme Court of South Carolina unanimously held that results of the penile plethysmography test (“PPG”) are inadmissible in judicial proceedings “unless and until the science underlying the PPG becomes more fully developed and uniform,” reasoning that the pervasive lack of standardization in administering and …

Fourth Circuit Announces ICE’s Execution of a Removal Warrant Following a Final Removal Order Does Not Constitute a “Pending Proceeding” Under 18 U.S.C. § 1505, Vacating Noncitizen’s Obstruction Conviction in Issue of First Impression

by Douglas Ankney

In an issue of first impression, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit held that Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s (“ICE”) execution of a removal warrant following a final order entered by the Executive Office for Immigration Review (“EOIR”) does not qualify as …

SCOTUS Announces Sentencing Disparities Created by Nonretroactive Statutory Amendments Cannot Constitute Extraordinary and Compelling Reasons for Compassionate Release

by Richard Resch

Resolving a circuit split, the Supreme Court of the United States held that when Congress declines to make a sentencing amendment retroactive, the resulting disparity between old and new sentences cannot serve as an “extraordinary and compelling” reason warranting a sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. …

The Constitution for Sale: FBI Confirms Resumption of Data Broker Dragnets

by Jo Ellen Nott

The Fourth Amendment’s protection against unreasonable searches and seizures is facing a systemic “end-run” by federal law enforcement.

In a March 18, 2026, testimony before the Senate Intelligence Committee, FBI Director Kash Patel confirmed that the Bureau has officially resumed the bulk purchase …

NEWS IN BRIEF

Arizona: The family of 52-year-old Eric Baker is alleging lethal excessive force following his fatal encounter with Mesa police on April 4, 2026. According to KNXV in Phoenix, Mesa Police Department (MPD) officers stopped Baker for a bike light violation before attempting to execute an outstanding probation warrant. …

 

 

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